Evaluation of the active concentration of two disinfectants based on glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride and antimicrobial activity in vitro against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium

Biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection of swine and poultry facilities are fundamental for the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms of importance for public and animal health. The objective of this work was to compare the levels of active ingredient described on the label and the real levels detected in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of two disinfectants., then evaluate the antimicrobial activity since, following the Germicidal Sanitizing Action and Disinfectant Detergent (Official Method AOAC 960.09) in four different dilutions with the presence of 3% organic matter during 15 min of contact, against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). The product "A" presents active levels of agreement according to the label. The content of quantified assets for product "B" was lower than that recorded on the label. The disinfectant "A" was effective in microbiological evaluation while the disinfectant "B" had microbiocidal activity compromised by the deficit of assets.

Action of benzalkonium chloride in different pH

Ammonium quaternary compounds are widely used in poultry and swine production as disinfectants in the control of pathogens. They act on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, enveloped fungi and viruses. However, in some conditions of pH and presence of organic matter can be inactivated. This study evaluated the action of ammonium quaternary compounds at 1:1,000 and 1:2,000 dilutions against Salmonella enterica serovarTyphimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the presence of three different organic matter simulators, fetal bovine serum, skim milk and whole milk concentration of 1, 3, 5, and 7% and at pH 6 and 9, with 15 min of contact. It was possible to verify that the organic matter simulators adjusted in the same conditions of contact time and percentage, in the in vitro tests, presented different results and the fetal bovine serum did not inactivate the disinfectant. However, the best result against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was obtained at pH 6 at the dilution of 1:1,000 in all organic matter simulators.

Sawfly larval poisoning in cattle: Report on new outbreaks and brief review of the literature / Intoxicação por larvas de mosca serra: relato de novos surtos e breve revisão da literatura

Sawfly larval poisoning (SLP) is an acute hepatotoxicosis documented in livestock in Australia, Denmark and in countries of South America. It is caused by the ingestion of the larval stage of insects of the suborder Symphyta, order Hymenoptera, commonly known as "sawfly". Three species of sawfly are reportedly involved in the toxicosis. The insect involved in Australian SLP is Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae), in Denmark the cause of SLP is the ingestion of the larvae Arge pullata (Argidae), and in South American countries documented outbreaks of SLP were caused by the ingestion of yet another sawfly, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae). In all geographical areas where it occurred, SLP causes important livestock losses. In cattle, as well as in other affected species, the disease has a short clinical course and in many outbreaks affected cattle can be found dead. When observed, clinical signs include apathy, recumbence, tremors, paddling movements and death in 24-48 hours. Neurological signs such aggressiveness attributable to hepatic encephalopathy are also observed. In cases with a more protracted course icterus and photodermatitis may develop. Gross findings included ascites, petechiae and ecchymosis over serosal surfaces of thoracic and abdominal cavities, and an enlarged liver that displays accentuation of the lobular pattern and edema of the gall bladder wall. Sawfly larval body fragments and heads are consistently found in the fore stomachs and occasionally abomasum of affected cattle. Main microscopic lesions are restricted to the liver and consist of centrolobular (periacinar) to massive hepatocellular necrosis. In most lobules necrotic areas extended up to the portal triads where only a few viable hepatocytes remain. Mild to moderate lymphocyte necrosis is seen in lymphatic tissues. Cases occur in the winter months when the larval stages of the sawfly are developing. D-amino acid-containing peptides have been found to be the toxic principle in each sawfly involved in SLP. The octapeptide lophyrotomin is the major toxin in the in the larvae of Australian and Danish sawflies and is present in small amounts in the larvae of South American sawfly. The heptadecapeptide pergidin is the main toxin in the South American sawfly while small amounts of pergidin have been found in the other two species of toxic sawfly. During the winter of 2011 (July-August) four outbreaks of SLP were diagnosed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The findings in those outbreaks are reported here and a brief review of the literature regarding SLP around the world is provided.

A intoxicação por larvas de mosca serra (ILMS) é uma hepatotoxicose aguda documentada em animais de fazenda na Austrália, Dinamarca e em países da América do Sul. É causada pela ingestão de larvas de insetos da subordem Symphyta, ordem Hymenoptera, conhecidos popularmente como mosca serra. Três espécies de moscas serra são relatadas como envolvidas na intoxicação. O inseto envolvido na ILMS australiana é Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae); na Dinamarca a causa da ILMS é a ingestão de larvas de Arge pullata (Argidae) e nos países de América do Sul a ingestão de larvas de ainda outra espécie de mosca serra, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae), é a causa de ILMS. Em todas essas áreas geográficas, a ILMS causa importantes perdas na pecuária. Em bovinos, como nas outras espécies afetadas, a doença tem um curso clínico breve e em muitos surtos os bovinos afetados podem ser encontrados mortos. Quando observados, os sinais clínicos incluem apatia, decúbito, tremores, movimentos de pedalagem e morte em 24-48 horas. Sinais neurológicos como agressividade, atribuídos à encefalopatia hepática, são também observados. Em casos com curso clínico mais protraído, pode ocorrer icterícia e fotodermatite. Achados de necropsia incluem ascite, petéquias e equimoses em superfícies serosas das cavidades torácica e abdominal e um fígado aumentado de volume e com acentuação do padrão lobular, e edema da parede da vesícula biliar. Em todas as necropsias de bovinos afetados, fragmentos do corpo e cabeças de larvas são encontrados nos pré-estômagos e, ocasionalmente, no abomaso. As principais lesões microscópicas são restritas ao fígado e consistem de necrose hepatocelular centrolobular (periacinar) a massiva. Na maioria dos lóbulos as áreas de necrose estendem-se até as tríades portais onde apenas algumas lâminas de hepatócitos viáveis permanecem. Leve a moderada necrose de linfócitos é observada nos tecidos linfáticos. Os surtos de ILMS ocorrem nos meses de inverno quando os estágios larvais estão em desenvolvimento. Peptídeos que contêm D-aminoácidos constituem os princípios tóxicos de cada uma das moscas serra envolvidas na ILMS. O octapeptídeo lofirotomina é a principal toxina nas larvas das moscas serra australianas e dinamarquesas e também ocorre em pequenas quantidades nas larvas da mosca serra sul-americana. O heptadecapeptídeo pergidina é a principal toxina das larvas da mosca serra sul-americana, enquanto que pequenas quantidades de pergidina foram encontradas nas outras duas espécies tóxicas de mosca serra. Durante o inverno de 2011 (Julho-Agosto) quatro surtos de ILMS foram diagnosticados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os achados desses surtos são relatados aqui e é feita uma breve revisão da literatura sobre ILMS ao redor do mundo.

Aspectos patológicos de 155 casos fatais de cães atropelados por veículos automotivos / Pathological aspects of 155 fatal cases of dogs victimized by motor vehicles accidents

O atropelamento por veículos automotivos contribui significativamente para as estatísticas de morte em cães. Entretanto, há poucos estudos sobre os aspectos patológicos reportados na literatura. Este artigo descreve 155 casos fatais de atropelamento por veículos automotivos em cães. Dos 155 cães atropelados, em 138 (89,0 por cento) havia lesões que explicavam a morte ou a razão para a eutanásia desses cães. Essas lesões incluíram traumatismo espinhal-medular (43 [27,7 por cento]), ruptura de órgãos parenquimatosos (40 [25,8 por cento]), traumatismo cranioencefálico (28 [18,1 por cento]), ruptura de órgãos ocos (16 [10,3 por cento]), fratura de costelas com laceração de órgãos parenquimatosos (15 [9,7 por cento]) e ruptura de diafragma com deslocamento de vísceras abdominais para a cavidade torácica (10 [6,4 por cento]).

Motor vehicle-related trauma significantly contributes to death statistics of dogs. There are however few documented reports on the pathological aspects of such cases. This paper describes 155 fatal cases of dogs victimized by motor vehicle accidents. In 138 (89.0 percent) of the 155 dogs hit by motor vehicles there were lesions that could explain the death or reason for these dogs being euthanatized. These lesions included vertebrospinal trauma (43 [27.7 percent]), rupture of parenchymal organs (40 [25.8 percent]), cranioencephalic trauma (28 [18.1 percent]), rupture of hollow organs (16 [10.3 percent]), rib fracture with subsequent laceration of parenchymal organs (15 [9.7 percent]), and diaphragmatic rupture with displacement of abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity (10 [6.4 percent]).